2023-04-17 20:07:33
联邦和跨国结构下国家结构的相对性
民族国家是构建的，它由特殊的利益、历史等构建出来。而且，国家间的自然边界往往起到相互连接的作用。一条河可以起分界线的作用，也可以是开展双边贸易和交通的纽带，边境居民在这里共享生活，心态相同。一个国家特别区域的问题，可能会波及双方的边界，因为它们对生活在相似环境中的邻国居民也产生影响。特别是在非洲，国家的边界线分裂了原本同一部落的领土，那是土著部落世代居住的地方。由此可知，我们需要认识到民族国家的相对性，它具有或多或少的偶然性。这种相对化的一个结果就是国家联盟，即一个具有跨国结构与意愿的全球联盟。这种渐进式联盟的最明显的结果是联合国。联合国下面有许多国际组织（跨国组织更好），它们颁布了诸如《世界人权宣言》、《世界儿童和平与非暴力文化十年计划》以及众多的超越边界的国家间或跨国的国际非政府组织。不仅如此，和平学意识到了民族和民族主义的双重相对性：一方面是分权和联邦化，另一方面是跨国联合的统一性。
The relativization of national structures
by federal and transnational structures
Nations are constructs; constructs defined by special interests, by history. Moreover, features that are considered natural borders very often function as connections. Take a river: it can function as a separating line and it can also be a bond between people who share the same situation, with the same organizing principle, the same mentality, and connected by common trade and traffic. Very often issues concerning specific parts of a nation may connect across a border because they also affect the people who live in similar environments in a neighbouring country. In Africa, especially, national structures divide tribes by borders that cut through the regions where indigenous tribes have lived since eternity. In the light of these considerations, we need to relativize the existence of nations on the understanding that their existence is largely a contingent one. A consequence of this relativization is the alliance of nations as a global federation with transnational structures and intentions. The most visible result of such progressive connecting is the phenomenon of the United Nations which involves many international institutions (or, even better, transnational ones), as well as declarations like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, decades like that for a "Culture of Peace and Non-Violence" and countless other border-transcending international/transnational non-governmental organizations. More than this, Peace Studies is aware of the relevance of a double relativization of nations and nationalism: a relativization by decentralization and federalization on one hand and unification through transnational connectivity on the other.
跨经济网络是最好的跨国家网络
确实，跨经济网络是最有效的跨网络。它的功能即使在战争时期也起作用，而且实际上往往在战争条件下运行得特别好。敌对各方常常从同一家公司购买类似的武器。虽然在普通群众中可能还存在对特定外国人的过去仇恨（比如，由于第二次世界大战，荷兰人或英国人对德国人的仇恨；由于20世纪30年代的抗日战争和日军的暴行等），然而，商人之间的充分理解和绅士协议却广泛存在。在部分群体仍然持续支持敌意的民族主义运动之时，以前的敌对国家的商人们却在国际机场贵宾室或豪华酒店里友好地洽谈生意。这些经济纽带可能是现存的最有效、最坚固、最可靠的网络。经济是世界上最重要的网络。和平学必须意识到这一点，并探究它对世界和平建设的意义。当然，全球经济网络造成了很多问题（不公平和社会失衡）。但我们不应该只看到经济的这个方面，因为国家和跨国政治已经被组织精良并广泛联合的世界跨经济所控制。传统的和平研究没有很好关注经济问题。现代和平学必须克服这点，关注跨经济网络所提供的社会机遇。
Transeconomic networks better
transnational networks
For sure, the most efficient trans-network is the economic one. This functions even in times of war; in fact, often especially well under the conditions of war. It is not unusual for hostile parties to buy similar weapons from the same companies. Although old resentments against specific foreigners may exist among the general population (e.g. among the Dutch or British against the Germans following World War II, and among the Chinese against the Japanese following the brutalities of the Japanese soldiers in the Sino-Japanese War), great understanding and "gentlemen's agreements" flourish between business people. While some elements of the population continue to support malicious national campaigns, the businessmen of former hostile nations are making themselves comfortable in the VIP lounges of International Airports or in ritzy hotels. These economic ties are probably the most efficient, solid and reliable ones that exist. Economics forms the most important network the world has. Peace Studies has to realize this and to reflect it in the various aspects of worldwide peace building. Of course, global economics causes a lot of problems (injustices and social imbalances), but it makes no sense to only perceive this aspect of economy since national as well as transnational politics are dominated by the well organized and highly connected worldwide trans-economy. Traditionally there is a big gap between peace research and economics. Modern Peace Studies needs to overcome this and to focus on the social opportunities of the trans-economic network.
