和平共享 | 世界和平

本文摘自联合国教科文组织和平学教席、南京大学刘成教授与德国费希塔大学埃贡·施皮格尔教授（Egon Spiegel）合著的《全球化世界的和平建设》一书，主题为“三阶段模型基础上的区域展望”与“和平文化——多维度的现况”。

三阶段模型基础上的区域展望

融合是一个好的开端。我们需要融合。每一个联盟都是一个和平岛，但它不是武力或自上而下措施的结果，也不是为了限制或战胜他人。欧洲的联合是在一个特殊意义上 (特别是第一次和第二次世界大战和冷战后的背景) 的一种和平导向的建构，因此具有和平建设的合法目标。然而，一个将难民排除在外的防御工事，一种主宰世界市场的有组织的力量，却不是带来融合的和平方式。我们可能在各种共同生活的层面上进行融合:一个局部，一个区域，整个世界。在一个简单变化形式上，我们可以指出无数的以防止一般战争或暴力为目标的联合。因此每一个联合都是一个过程，它开始于非政府组织的和平行动，最终通过国家的联合实现了无战区。在某些情况下，联合将是迈向世界范围无战区的第一阶段;在其他情况下，它将是实现世界和平的最后步骤。和平学促进这些过程，在理论上将这些阶段联系起来，并在此基础上作出一个现实主义的展望。

The areal perspective on the basis of a three-stage model

To begin with, amalgamations are good. We need amalgamations. Every alliance is a form of island of peace, provided that it is not the result of force, or of top-down measures, and that it doesn’t serve to limit others or overwhelm them. The united Europe is, in a special sense, (in particular against the background of the First and Second World War and the Cold War afterwards) a peace-oriented construct and therefore a legitimate goal of peace building. However, as a fortress keeping out refugees,and as an organized power that dominates the market places of the world, it is not a peace supporting facility. In amalgamations, we may find all levels of living together:in local dimensions, in regional ones, and even worldwide. In a simple version we could point out countless alliances created with the goal of preventing war or violencein general. Therefore every merging, beginning with NGO's for peace and culminating with keep-out-war zones through alliances between countries, is a progression. In some cases, perhaps it is the first step to worldwide peace in the sense of a worldwide keep-out-war zone. In other cases, it may be one of the last. Peace Studies is developing these processes, linking them theoretically, and working out a realistic perspective on the basis of this.

和平文化——多维度的现况

从狭义上讲，文化可以被定义为一种相似的思维模式和行动标准的体现。和平文化是一种特殊形式的文化，它无处不在。因为相似性是文化的一种特征，文化本身就是一种和平，即使是一种恋尸癖的文化，其特征也是根据严格区分和针对他人的攻击性关系来定义的。作为一种文化内的成员，甚至例如纳粹组织的成员，他们也有起码的和平需求。这是某个组织的小“和平”，它是通过敌人形象和敌我分离进行定义的。如果你从最小的社会单元中走出去，你通常会发现无数的和平文化。难道不是吗?你可以想想伴侣和家庭、工作单位、市政部门、宗教团体。有时，和平文化只在一段特殊时期才有，但在这个时期它确实存在。进一步想象一下在一个省或整个国家内的一种和平文化。很多社会情景呈现的是某种和平状态。人们通常关系良好，但也必须解决冲突。所以你可以发现，人们住在精心规划的城市里，或满意地在高收入公司里工作。总之，它主要取决于参与程度，这是一种积极而非消极的介入。联合国“和平文化”十年计划，表达的是一种全球和平文化的信念。

Culture of peace -multi-dimensional reality

A minimal definition of culture could be that it is an expression of similar forms of thinking and acting. The culture of peace is a special form of this that exists everywhere. As similarity is a sign of culture, culture is per se a kind of peace; even a necrophilic culture which is characterized by strict differentia-ion and aggressive relationships to others. The need to be a member of a culture, even among the Nazis(for example), reflects a basic need for peace. But this is the small kind of "peace" of a group that defines itself by an enemy image and separation. If you go outsidethe smallest societal unit you will generally find countless cultures of peace. Do you agree? Think about partnerships and families, and also about job-related groups, or municipal and religious communities. Sometimes a culture of peace may only endure for a limited period, but it does exist during this period. Now, imagine a culture of peace that exists throughout a province or a whole country. A lot of societal situations are determined by some kind of peace. People usually have good relationships although they still have to resolve conflict. So you can find cities with a good urban planning or companies with a high degree of profit-sharing in which all the workers are satisfied. On the whole, this depends on the degree of participation in the sense of (active) "taking part" and not only (passive) "having part".  The UN decade for a culture of peace expresses the belief in the viability of a worldwide culture of peace.